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以太網(wǎng)供電（PoE）技術(shù)白皮書：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、應(yīng)用與未來趨勢(shì)（中英文）

概述

Overview

隨著從交通路口機(jī)柜到燈桿等各種互聯(lián)設(shè)備的日益普及，以太網(wǎng)供電 (PoE) 的需求也隨之激增。PoE 技術(shù)允許通過單根以太網(wǎng)線纜傳輸數(shù)據(jù)和電力，從而減少了對(duì)獨(dú)立電源的需求。本文探討了 PoE 的優(yōu)勢(shì)、技術(shù)細(xì)節(jié)和常見用例，并強(qiáng)調(diào)了其在現(xiàn)代基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和物聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用中日益增長的重要性。敬請(qǐng)關(guān)注 PoE 如何改變各行各業(yè)的連接方式。

With the growing proliferation of connected devices, ranging from traffic intersection cabinets to light poles, the demand for Power over Ethernet (PoE) has surged. PoE technology allows both data and power to be transmitted through a single Ethernet cable, reducing the need for separate power sources. This article explores the benefits, technical aspects, and common use cases of PoE, highlighting its increasing importance in modern infrastructure and IoT applications. Stay informed on how PoE is transforming connectivity across industries.

PoE 的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和優(yōu)勢(shì)

The Basics and Benefits of PoE

以太網(wǎng)供電 (PoE) 技術(shù)可通過單根以太網(wǎng)線纜同時(shí)傳輸電力和數(shù)據(jù)，無需單獨(dú)的電源線。這簡(jiǎn)化了安裝過程，尤其是在難以觸及的區(qū)域，并且允許企業(yè)使用現(xiàn)有的 Cat5 至 Cat6a 線纜，而無需對(duì)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施進(jìn)行改造。PoE 的高效性簡(jiǎn)化了網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)置，降低了成本，并改善了安全攝像頭、接入點(diǎn)和物聯(lián)網(wǎng)設(shè)備等設(shè)備的連接性。下圖展示了 PoE 連接與使用單獨(dú)電源線和數(shù)據(jù)線的非 PoE 連接的工作原理對(duì)比。

Power over Ethernet (PoE) technology enables both power and data transmission through a single Ethernet cable, eliminating the need for separate power wiring. This simplifies installation, especially in hard-to-reach areas, and allows businesses to use existing Cat5 to Cat6a cabling without infrastructure modifications. PoE’s efficiency streamlines network setups, reducing costs and improving connectivity for devices like security cameras, access points, and IoT devices. Below shows how a PoE connection would work compared to a non-PoE connection that uses separate power and data wiring.

在 PoE 應(yīng)用中，PSE（供電設(shè)備）為 PD（受電設(shè)備）供電。一個(gè)常見的例子是連接到 PoE 交換機(jī) (PSE) 的 IP 攝像頭 (PD)。

In a PoE application, a PSE (power sourcing equipment) provides power to a PD (powered device). A common example would be an IP camera (PD) connected to a PoE switch (PSE).

PoE 的主要優(yōu)勢(shì)

? 節(jié)省成本和時(shí)間：無需電工或單獨(dú)布線，降低安裝成本和時(shí)間。

? 安裝靈活性：設(shè)備可放置在距離電源最遠(yuǎn) 100 米的位置，實(shí)現(xiàn)靈活的設(shè)置。

? 可擴(kuò)展性：可根據(jù)需要輕松添加 PoE 設(shè)備，并通過網(wǎng)線直接供電。

Key Benefits of PoE

? Cost and Time Savings: No need for electricians or separate power wiring, reducing installation costs and time.

? Installation Flexibility: Devices can be placed up to 100 meters from the power source, allowing for versatile setups.

? Scalability: Easily add PoE devices as needed, powered directly through network cables.

PoE 市場(chǎng)與應(yīng)用

PoE Markets and Applications

各種市場(chǎng)趨勢(shì)數(shù)據(jù)表明，PoE 的使用量逐年增長。

Various market trend data has shown that the PoE usage continues to grow year over year.

以太網(wǎng)供電 (PoE) 技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展可歸因于幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素，這些因素正在重塑設(shè)備的供電和管理方式。其中一個(gè)最重要的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素是兼容 PoE 的設(shè)備數(shù)量的不斷增長。PoE 最初用于為 IP 攝像頭供電，現(xiàn)在支持各種設(shè)備，包括接入點(diǎn)、智能照明、傳感器等等。這種擴(kuò)展的兼容性使 PoE 成為各行各業(yè)的必備解決方案，提供了一種經(jīng)濟(jì)高效的方式，通過單根線纜傳輸電力和數(shù)據(jù)。

PoE 興起的另一個(gè)主要因素是其供電功率的顯著提升。在過去的二十年中，PoE 的供電功率已從 4W 飆升至 90W，為更復(fù)雜的設(shè)備供電開辟了新的可能性。隨著數(shù)據(jù)速度的不斷提高，越來越多的聯(lián)網(wǎng)設(shè)備將采用 PoE，這使得 PoE 對(duì)企業(yè)來說更具吸引力。能夠?yàn)楦鼜V泛的設(shè)備（包括需要更高功率的設(shè)備）供電，是 PoE 成為現(xiàn)代網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施不可或缺的一部分的原因之一。

PoE 的日益普及也促成了多個(gè) IP 設(shè)備在集中管理系統(tǒng)下的融合。這種轉(zhuǎn)變使企業(yè)能夠通過一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的平臺(tái)控制各種系統(tǒng)，例如照明、暖通空調(diào)、門禁、監(jiān)控、傳感器、數(shù)字標(biāo)牌、Wi-Fi 和 VoIP。集中管理可提高效率、增強(qiáng)可擴(kuò)展性并節(jié)省成本，使 PoE 成為智能樓宇解決方案和物聯(lián)網(wǎng)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵組成部分。隨著 PoE 技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，其在現(xiàn)代基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施供電和管理中的作用將不斷擴(kuò)展，為企業(yè)提供滿足其網(wǎng)絡(luò)需求的面向未來的解決方案。

The rapid growth of Power over Ethernet (PoE) technology can be attributed to several key factors that are reshaping the way devices are powered and managed. One of the most significant drivers is the increasing number of PoE-compatible devices. Initially used for powering IP cameras, PoE now supports a wide array of devices, including access points, smart lighting, sensors, and more. This expanded compatibility has made PoE an essential solution for a variety of industries, providing a cost-effective and efficient way to deliver both power and data over a single cable.

Another major factor contributing to the rise of PoE is the significant increase in the power it can deliver. Over the past two decades, PoE power delivery has surged from just 4W to as much as 90W, opening up new possibilities for powering more complex devices. As data speeds continue to increase, more networked devices will incorporate PoE, making it an even more attractive option for businesses. The ability to power a wider range of devices, including those requiring higher wattages, is one of the reasons PoE has become integral to modern network infrastructure.

The growing adoption of PoE has also resulted in the convergence of multiple IP devices under centralized management systems. This shift enables businesses to control various systems, such as lighting, HVAC, access control, surveillance, sensors, digital signage, Wi-Fi, and VoIP, all from one unified platform. Centralized management offers enhanced efficiency, scalability, and cost savings, making PoE a key component of smart building solutions and IoT ecosystems. As PoE technology continues to evolve, its role in powering and managing modern infrastructure will only expand, offering businesses a future-proof solution for their networking needs.

主動(dòng) PoE 與被動(dòng) PoE

Active PoE vs. Passive PoE

如前所述，PoE 供電是通過傳輸數(shù)據(jù)的同一根線纜進(jìn)行的。PoE 協(xié)議有兩種：主動(dòng) PoE 和被動(dòng) PoE。下表列出了主動(dòng) PoE 和被動(dòng) PoE 之間的區(qū)別。

As mentioned previously, PoE provides power over the same cabling used for data. There are two types of PoE protocols – active and passive. Below is a comparison table of the differences between active and passive PoE.

主動(dòng)式 PoE 為插入 PoE 端口的非 PoE 設(shè)備提供保護(hù)。如果端口為被動(dòng)式 PoE，則無論設(shè)備是否支持 PoE，它都會(huì)為其供電。

Active PoE provides protection for non-PoE devices that get plugged into a PoE port. If a port is passive PoE, it will provide power to the device regardless of it being PoE-enabled or not.

PoE流程

PoE Process

那么，主動(dòng)式 PoE 如何為啟用主動(dòng)式 PoE 的設(shè)備供電呢？

1. 當(dāng)設(shè)備 (PD) 插入時(shí)，PSE 會(huì)檢測(cè) PD 是否具有正確的電阻值，以便將其正確歸類為 PoE 設(shè)備。

2. 根據(jù) PD 的類別特征，對(duì) PD 進(jìn)行分類以確定其額定功耗。

3. 在啟動(dòng)期間，PSE 會(huì)根據(jù) PD 的類別，將浪涌電流限制在適當(dāng)?shù)闹怠?/p>

4. PSE 會(huì)定期與 PD 執(zhí)行“保持連接”功能，以維持其正常運(yùn)行。

5. 當(dāng) PD 與 PSE 斷開連接時(shí)，PSE 必須在線纜斷開后的 15-20 毫秒內(nèi)移除電壓。

So then, how does active PoE provide power to a device that is active PoE enabled?

1. When a device (PD) is plugged in, the PSE will detect if the PD has the correct resistance value to correctly categorize it as a PoE device.

2. The PD will be classified to determine its rated power consumption, based on its class signature.

3. During startup, the PSE will limit the inrush current with the appropriate value based on the PD class.

4. The PSE will periodically perform a keep alive function with the PD to maintain operation.

5. When a PD is disconnected from the PSE, the PSE must remove voltage within 15-20ms of the cable being disconnected.

PoE 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

PoE Standards

在上面的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng) PoE 對(duì)比表中，主動(dòng) PoE 指的是 IEEE 802.3af/at/bt。這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由 IEEE 組織定義。這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按類型定義，并根據(jù)每個(gè)類別分配相應(yīng)的功率。PoE 共有 4 種類型，由 8 個(gè)等級(jí)組成。

802.3af = 1型，1-3級(jí)

802.3at = 2型，4級(jí)

802.3bt = 3型和4型，5-8級(jí)

下表顯示了每個(gè)等級(jí) PSE 可提供的功率以及 PD 接收的最小功率。

In the Active vs. Passive comparison table above, Active PoE is referring to IEEE 802.3af/at/bt. These are standards defined by the IEEE organization. These standards are defined by types with the amount of power that’s provided allocated per class. There are 4 types, made up by 8 classes.

802.3af = Type 1, Class 1-3

802.3at = Type 2, Class 4

802.3bt = Types 3&4, Class 5-8

The chart below shows the power that the PSE can provide along with the minimum power that the PD receives, per class.

五類或六類網(wǎng)線有 4 對(duì)線。

802.3af 和 802.3at 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)使用 2 對(duì)線。引腳排列有兩種可能的模式（A 和 B）。在這兩種模式下，電源部分均不使用 4 對(duì)線。下圖顯示了這兩種模式的引腳排列。

In a cat5 or cat6 cable, there are 4 pairs of wires.

802.3af and 802.3at operate over 2 pairs of the wires. There are 2 possible modes (A and B) for the pinouts. In both modes, 4 wires are not utilized for the power portion. The diagram below shows the pinouts for both modes.

802.3bt 通過 4 對(duì)線運(yùn)行。在這種情況下，所有 4 對(duì)線都用于供電。與 802.3af/at 相比，802.3bt 主要有四項(xiàng)改進(jìn)：

? 支持 Type 3 (60W) 和 Type 4 (90W)

? 支持雙特征 PD。這意味著設(shè)備可以擁有兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的檢測(cè)和分類電路。這對(duì)于帶加熱器的 IP 攝像頭等設(shè)備非常有用。

? 更低待機(jī)功率 – 最小待機(jī)功率為 20mW，比 802.3at 的 200mW 低 10 倍。這可以節(jié)省大量能源，尤其是在 PoE LED 照明領(lǐng)域。

? 自動(dòng)分類 – 向 PD 輸送的最小功率為 71W，但 PSE 可以自動(dòng)檢測(cè) PD 的實(shí)際最大功耗并進(jìn)行相應(yīng)調(diào)整。

802.3bt operates over 4 pairs of wires. In this case, all 4 pairs are used to deliver power. There are 4 main improvements made in 802.3bt, compared to 802.3af/at:

? Support for Type 3 (60W) and Type 4 (90W)

? Support for dual-signature PDs. This means that a device can have two separate detection and classification circuits. This would come in useful for a device such as an IP camera with a heater.

? Lower standby power – minimum standby power is 20mW, which is 10 times lower than the value for 802.3at, which is at 200mW. This can save a lot of energy, especially in PoE LED lighting.

? Autoclass – a minimum of 71W is delivered to the PD, but the PSE can automatically detect the actual max power drawn by the PD and adjust accordingly.

補(bǔ)充說明

Additional Notes

以下是需要了解的重要因素：

? PD 功率 – 請(qǐng)務(wù)必參考傳輸至 PD 的功率，而不是 PSE 的輸出功率。例如，如果攝像機(jī)需要 28W 的功率，那么使用 802.3at 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為攝像機(jī)供電是不夠的，因?yàn)?PSE 的輸出功率為 30W，而傳輸至 PD 的功率僅為 25.5W。

? 電壓 – 對(duì)于需要直流輸入才能啟動(dòng)的 PSE 設(shè)備，請(qǐng)注意不同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的輸入電壓范圍。例如，Type 4 要求的電壓范圍為 52V 至 57V。48V 電源非常常見，這意味著電源至少需要能夠升壓至 52V 才能為 802.3bt PD 供電。下表列出了每種類型所需的電壓范圍：

Below are important factors to know:

? PD power – Make sure to refer to the power that is delivered to the PD, rather than the power that is output from the PSE. For example, if a camera needs 28W of power, it will not be sufficient to power the camera with 802.3at, which outputs 30W from the PSE, but only 25.5W is delivered to the PD.

? Voltage – for PSE devices that require a DC input to power up, be aware of the input voltage range of the different standards. For example, Type 4 requires a voltage range of 52 – 57VDC. 48VDC power supplies are very common, which means that the power supply needs to be able to be cranked up to 52V at a minimum to be able to power up an 802.3bt PD. Below is a table of the voltage ranges needed for each Type:

? 專有協(xié)議——在 IEEE 批準(zhǔn) 802.3bt 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之前，有些設(shè)備所需的功率超過了 802.3at 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (30W) 所能提供的功率。當(dāng)時(shí)開發(fā)了幾種專有協(xié)議來解決這個(gè)問題。這些協(xié)議主要以注入器的形式實(shí)現(xiàn)。其基本工作原理是，協(xié)議將協(xié)商為 802.3at 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但不是通過 2 對(duì)線供電，而是通過 4 對(duì)線供電，從而使 PSE 的供電功率高于 30W。

? 向后兼容——所有 IEEE PoE 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)/協(xié)議均向后兼容。歸類為 802.3af PD 的設(shè)備仍可在 802.3bt PSE 上正常工作。

? Proprietary protocols – before 802.3bt was ratified by IEEE, there were devices that required more power than what 802.3at (30W) could provide. There were several proprietary protocols that were developed at that time to handle this issue. This was implemented mostly in the form of an injector. The basic mechanism of the operation was that the protocol would be negotiated to be 802.3at, but instead of delivering power over 2 pairs, it would deliver power over 4 pairs, allowing the power to be higher than 30W out of the PSE.

? Backward compatibility – all IEEE PoE standards/protocols are backward compatible. A device classified as an 802.3af PD will still work without any issue on an 802.3bt PSE.

托管型 PoE 交換機(jī)功能

Managed PoE Switch Features

PoE 交換機(jī)是最常見的供電設(shè)備 (PSE) 類型之一，托管型 PoE 交換機(jī)比非托管型交換機(jī)提供更多高級(jí)功能。非托管型 PoE 交換機(jī)本質(zhì)上是即插即用設(shè)備，而托管型 PoE 交換機(jī)則能夠同時(shí)配置網(wǎng)絡(luò)和交換機(jī)本身。例如，EtherWAN Systems 的托管型 PoE 交換機(jī)提供了專門為優(yōu)化 PoE 功能而設(shè)計(jì)的額外配置選項(xiàng)。

? PoE 調(diào)度 – 托管型 PoE 交換機(jī)支持高級(jí) PoE 調(diào)度功能，允許用戶配置單個(gè) PoE 端口在特定日期和時(shí)間供電。這種靈活的調(diào)度功能可幫助企業(yè)優(yōu)化用電情況，并通過僅在需要時(shí)為設(shè)備供電來降低能耗。

? 專有模式 – 該模式允許高功率受電設(shè)備 (PD) 通過 PoE 端口以高于 30W 的功率供電，同時(shí)仍協(xié)商為 802.3at 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。此功能非常適合需要更高功率的設(shè)備，可確保高效可靠的性能。

? PoE 看門狗和恢復(fù) – PoE 看門狗和恢復(fù)功能允許將單個(gè) PoE 端口配置為 ping 連接的 PoE 設(shè)備。如果設(shè)備在指定時(shí)間內(nèi)未響應(yīng)，端口將自動(dòng)重啟，從而有效地完成設(shè)備的電源循環(huán)。這種自我修復(fù)功能無需人工干預(yù)即可恢復(fù)設(shè)備，從而顯著減少停機(jī)時(shí)間并最大限度地降低維護(hù)成本（例如上門服務(wù)的需求）。

One of the most common Power Sourcing Equipment (PSE) types is the PoE switch, with managed PoE switches offering more advanced features compared to unmanaged switches. While an unmanaged PoE switch is essentially a plug-and-play device, a managed PoE switch provides the ability to configure both the network and the switch itself. A managed PoE switch from EtherWAN Systems, for example, offers additional configuration options specifically designed to optimize PoE functionality.

? PoE scheduling – Managed PoE switches enable advanced PoE scheduling, allowing users to configure individual PoE ports to provide power on specific days and times. This scheduling flexibility helps organizations optimize power usage and reduce energy consumption by powering devices only when needed.

? Proprietary mode – this allows high-power Powered Devices (PDs) to be powered by PoE ports at greater than 30W, while still being negotiated as 802.3at. This feature is ideal for devices that require higher power, ensuring efficient and reliable performance.

? PoE watchdog and recovery – The PoE watchdog and recovery feature allows individual PoE ports to be configured to ping connected PoE devices. If a device fails to respond within a specified time, the port will automatically reboot, effectively power cycling the device. This self-healing capability can recover devices without the need for manual intervention, significantly reducing downtime and minimizing maintenance costs, such as the need for truck rolls.

結(jié)論

Conclusion

隨著 PoE 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的不斷擴(kuò)展，將會(huì)有新的設(shè)備和應(yīng)用利用這些新技術(shù)。PoE 將穩(wěn)步普及，比以往任何時(shí)候都更加普及。EtherWAN 的強(qiáng)化級(jí) PoE 交換機(jī)系列能夠滿足最新的 802.3bt 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即使在極端溫度（-40°F 至 167°F 環(huán)境溫度）下也能不間斷運(yùn)行，并具備專有模式和 PoE 看門狗等優(yōu)質(zhì)功能。

As PoE standards continue to expand, there will be new devices and applications to take advantage of the new technologies. PoE will steadily become more widespread than ever. EtherWAN’s range of hardened-grade PoE switches provide power to handle the latest 802.3bt standard, uninterrupted operation even in extreme temperatures (-40F to 167F ambient), and quality of life features such as proprietary mode and PoE watchdog.