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綠氫之心：過程氣體分析（中英文）

氫（H2）是當(dāng)前能源轉(zhuǎn)型討論的關(guān)鍵因素之一。它是宇宙中最常見的元素，但僅以結(jié)合態(tài)存在。氣態(tài)下，氫比空氣輕約14倍，燃燒后無殘留。H2 具有高能量密度，因此非常適合替代煤炭或天然氣等化石燃料。由于它在自然界中主要以結(jié)合態(tài)存在，因此需要將其從載體中釋放出來。例如，水（H2O）的電解過程可以實現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)。如果電力來自可再生能源，稱之為“綠色”氫；如果是天然氣的主要成分甲烷（CH4），則可以通過蒸汽重整或熱解獲得。重整過程會產(chǎn)生副產(chǎn)品二氧化碳（CO2）（藍(lán)色氫），而熱解過程則會產(chǎn)生一氧化碳（CO）（綠松石色氫）。這兩種物質(zhì)都可以進(jìn)一步加工成原材料，或通過碳捕獲和儲存（CCS）技術(shù)進(jìn)行儲存。

由于密度極低，產(chǎn)生的 H2 極易揮發(fā)，這使其運輸?shù)接脩羰种蟹浅＞哂刑魬?zhàn)性。氣態(tài) H2 可以通過管道運輸。液態(tài) H2 可以通過隔熱油罐車或油罐車運輸給消費者；在這種情況下，不可忽略的波動率是不可避免的。此外，H2 具有脆化材料的特性，所有工廠組件的使用壽命和設(shè)計都必須考慮到這一點。在生產(chǎn)“綠色”氫氣時尤其如此，生產(chǎn)商不僅需要確保生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場有足夠的“綠色”電力，而且還要確保有充足的優(yōu)質(zhì)水源。

Hydrogen (H2) is one of the key factors in the current discussion on energy transition. It is the most common element in the universe, but only exists in bound form. In gaseous form, it is around 14 times lighter than air and it burns without leaving residues. H2 has a high energy density and is therefore well suited as a substitute for fossil fuels such as coal or natural gas. Since it is predominantly only present in bound form in nature, it needs to be released from its carriers. This is achieved, as an example, in the case of water (H2O) by electrolysis. If electricity is generated from renewable sources, we speak of 'green' hydrogen - or in the case of methane (CH4), the main component of natural gas - by steam reformation or pyrolysis. Reformation produces CO2 (blue hydrogen) as a by-product and in the case of pyrolysis CO (turquoise hydrogen). Both substances can be further processed as raw materials or stored by carbon capture and storage (CCS).

The H2 produced is extremely volatile because of its very low density, which makes its transportation to users very challenging. In gaseous form, transport by pipeline is conceivable. In liquefied form, hydrogen can be transported to the consumer in insulated tankers or tank trucks; in this case, non-negligible fluctuation rates are inevitable. In addition, H2 has the property of embrittling materials, which must be considered in the service life and design of all plant components. This is especially the case when it comes to the production of 'green' hydrogen when producers need to ensure that not only sufficient 'green' electricity is available, but sufficient, good quality water is available at the production site.

電解器中會發(fā)生什么？

What happens in an electrolyser?  

電解器的核心是一個圓柱體（電解模塊），其中兩個腔室由膜隔開。每個腔室包含一個電極（陽極/陰極）。模塊通常由不同的制造商以統(tǒng)一的輸出尺寸制造。為了達(dá)到所需的系統(tǒng)輸出，一定數(shù)量的模塊被組合成所謂的堆棧。目前使用兩種工藝：AEL電解（堿性電解）和PEM電解（質(zhì)子交換膜）。這兩種工藝各有優(yōu)缺點。PEM工藝特別適用于波動性能源（風(fēng)能和太陽能）。簡而言之，PEM電解器的操作可以描述如下：將預(yù)熱的至少達(dá)到飲用水質(zhì)量的水送入兩個腔室。工作溫度需要在50-80°C之間。通過施加電壓，水被分解成H2和H2O成分。這會從9千克H2O中生成1千克H2。陽極側(cè)為氧氣，陰極側(cè)為氫氣，它們分別通過熱交換器和氣體分離器分離。根據(jù)整個裝置的具體任務(wù)，氧氣會被釋放到環(huán)境中或用于其他用途（例如用于廢水處理）。

The core of the electrolyser is a cylindrical body (electrolysis module) in which two chambers are separated by a membrane. Each chamber contains an electrode (anode/cathode). The module is usually made by the various manufacturers in a uniform output size. To achieve the desired system output, a certain number of modules are combined into a so-called stack. Two processes are currently in use: AEL electrolysis (alkaline electrolysis) and PEM electrolysis (proton exchange membrane). Both processes have their advantages and disadvantages. The PEM process is particularly compatible with fluctuating energy sources (wind and sun). Simplified, the operation of a PEM electrolyser can be described as follows: Preheated water, of at least drinking water quality, is fed into the two chambers. The operating temperature needs to be between 50-80°C. By applying a voltage, it is split into the constituents H2 and H20. This produces 1 kg of H2 from 9 kg of H2O. On the anode side - the oxygen, and on the cathode side - the hydrogen are each removed via heat exchangers and gas separators. Depending on the task of the overall plant, the oxygen is released into the environment or used elsewhere (e.g. for wastewater treatment).

如何監(jiān)控整個過程？

How do we monitor the process?

與大多數(shù)能源生產(chǎn)方法一樣，氫氣的生產(chǎn)過程必須進(jìn)行分析監(jiān)控。重點在于是否符合 LEL 和 SIL 規(guī)范。在所有生產(chǎn)過程中，萃取式氣體分析是實現(xiàn)這一目的的首選分析方法。在樣品氣體進(jìn)入分析儀之前，需要去除殘留水分，以保護(hù)測量池并避免測量值失真。

As in the case of most energy production methods, the manufacturing processes of H2 must be monitored analytically. The focus here is primarily on compliance with LEL and SIL specifications. In all manufacturing processes, extractive gas analysis is the preferred analytical method for this purpose. Before the sample gas enters the analyser, the residual moisture is removed to protect the measuring cell and avoid falsifying the measured values.

樣氣泵 P2.2 O2 Atex

Sample Gas Pump P2.2 O2 Atex

基于數(shù)十年在氣體分析領(lǐng)域提供和設(shè)計分析儀系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)驗，建議在這些應(yīng)用中使用加壓萃取預(yù)處理系統(tǒng)。其原理如下：

由于電解過程中樣氣中不太可能發(fā)現(xiàn)顆粒污染，因此只需設(shè)置簡單的采樣點即可，理想情況下每個模塊的出口處均應(yīng)設(shè)置采樣點。樣氣由專用樣氣泵吸入，該泵還能夠輸送可能產(chǎn)生的冷凝物，并將其輸送至在輕微過壓下運行的樣氣冷卻器。

Based on our decades of experience in providing and designing analyser systems in gas analysis, we suggest using a pressurised extractive conditioning system for these applications. In principle, this is constructed as follows:

Since no particulate contamination is likely to be found in the sample gas during the electrolysis process, simple sampling points are sufficient, ideally at each outlet of a module. From these, the sample gas is drawn in by a special sample gas pump, which is also capable of conveying any condensate that may occur and fed to a sample gas cooler operating under slight over-pressure.

樣氣泵 P2.4 H2 Atex

Sample Gas Pump P2.4 H2 Atex

確定所需流量時，必須考慮氫氣側(cè)較低的氫氣密度，以便將其節(jié)流至分析儀上游的正確流量。如果生產(chǎn)過程中已有足夠的壓力和流量，則可以省去泵。水分在冷卻器中分離，干燥的樣氣被送入分析儀。樣氣中的過壓可防止外部空氣進(jìn)入，確保測量結(jié)果不受影響。同時，過壓迫使冷凝物通過自動冷凝水排放裝置排出系統(tǒng)。流量和過壓由合適的裝置持續(xù)監(jiān)測。從抽氣點經(jīng)泵頭到自動冷凝水排放裝置的管道均采用不銹鋼材質(zhì)。建議采用相同的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計來監(jiān)測同樣積聚的氧氣。由于氫氣波動較大，建議采用通風(fēng)良好的外殼來容納監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)。系統(tǒng)中使用的組件在制造過程中經(jīng)過特殊工藝處理。其適用于 H2/O2 應(yīng)用的部分已獲得認(rèn)證。

該系統(tǒng)設(shè)計將處理系統(tǒng)中的材料混合量降至最低，提供最佳的使用壽命，并確保測量結(jié)果的穩(wěn)定性。

When dimensioning the required flow rates, the lower density of hydrogen on the H2 side must be considered so that it can be throttled to the correct flow rate upstream of the analyser. If there is already sufficient pressure and flow rate in the production process, the pump can be dispensed with. The moisture is separated in the cooler and the dry sample gas is fed into the analyser(s). The over-pressure in the sample gas prevents the ingress of external air and ensures unaltered measurement results. At the same time, the over-pressure forces the condensate out of the system via an automatic condensate drain. Flow and over-pressure are permanently monitored by suitable devices. The piping from the extraction point via the pump head to the automatic condensate drain is made of stainless steel. The same system design is recommended for monitoring oxygen that also accumulates. Due to the high fluctuation of H2, a well-ventilated enclosure is recommended to house the monitoring system. The components used in the system are subject to special procedures in the manufacturing process. Their suitability for the H2/O2 application is partially certified.

This system design reduces the material mix in the treatment system to a minimum, offers the best possible service life and ensures unaltered measurement results.

樣氣冷卻器 TC-Standard H2/O2

Sample Gas Cooler TC-Standard H2/O2

樣氣冷卻器 RC1.1 H2/O2

Sample Gas Cooler RC1.1 H2/O2

樣氣冷卻器 TC-Midi H2/O2

Sample Gas Cooler TC-Midi H2/O2